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<title>Country code</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Country code</span></span>

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<p>A <b>country code</b> is a short alphanumeric identification code for countries and dependent areas. Its primary use is in <a href="Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a> and <a href="Communication" title="Communication">communications</a>. Several identification systems have been developed.

</p><p>The term <i>country code</i> frequently refers to <a href="ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a>, as well as the telephone country code, which is embodied in the <a href="E.164" title="E.164">E.164</a> recommendation by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

</p>

<p>The standard <a href="ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a> defines short identification codes for most countries and dependent areas:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a>: two-letter code</li>

<li><a href="ISO_3166-1_alpha-3" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-3">ISO 3166-1 alpha-3</a>: three-letter code</li>

<li><a href="ISO_3166-1_numeric" title="ISO 3166-1 numeric">ISO 3166-1 numeric</a>: three-digit code</li></ul>

<p>The two-letter codes are used as the basis for other codes and applications, for example,

</p>

<ul><li>for <a href="ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> <a href="Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> codes</li>

<li>with deviations, for <a href="Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">country code top-level domain</a> names (ccTLDs) on the Internet: <a href="List_of_Internet_TLDs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Internet TLDs">list of Internet TLDs</a>.</li></ul>

<p>Other applications are defined in <a href="ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telephone_country_codes">Telephone country codes</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Telephone_country_code" title="Telephone country code">Telephone country code</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_telephone_country_codes" title="List of telephone country codes">List of telephone country codes</a></div>

<p>Telephone country codes are <a href="Telephone_number" title="Telephone number">telephone number</a> prefixes for <a href="International_direct_dialing" title="International direct dialing">international direct dialing</a> (IDD), a system for reaching subscribers in foreign areas via international telecommunication networks. Country codes are defined by the <a href="International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) in <a href="ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> standards <a href="E.123" title="E.123">E.123</a> and <a href="E.164" title="E.164">E.164</a>.

</p><p>Country codes constitute the international <a href="Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">telephone numbering plan</a>. They are dialed before the national telephone number of a destination in a foreign country or area, but typically require at least one additional prefix, the <a href="International_direct_dialing#International_call_prefix" title="International direct dialing">international call prefix</a> which is an exit code from the national numbering plan to the international one. ITU standards recommend the digit sequence <i>00</i> for the prefix, and most countries comply.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ITU_codes">Other ITU codes</h3></div>

<p>The ITU also maintains the following other country codes:

</p>

<ul><li>The <a href="International_mobile_subscriber_identity" title="International mobile subscriber identity">E.212</a> <a href="Mobile_country_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile country codes">mobile country codes</a> (MCC), for mobile/wireless phone addresses.</li>

<li>The <a href="ITU_prefix" title="ITU prefix">ITU prefix</a>, the first few characters of <a href="Call_sign" title="Call sign">call signs</a> of radio and television stations (maritime, aeronautical, broadcasting, and other types) to identify their country of origin

<ul><li><a href="ITU_prefix_-_amateur_and_experimental_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU prefix - amateur and experimental stations">ITU prefix - amateur and experimental stations</a>, specific prefixes for <a href="Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur</a> and experimental radio use, so that operators can be identified by their country of origin. These prefixes are legally administered by the national entity to which prefix ranges are assigned.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Maritime_identification_digits" title="Maritime identification digits">Maritime identification digits</a>, to identify countries in maritime mobile radio transmissions.</li>

<li><a href="ITU_letter_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU letter codes">ITU letter codes</a>, to identify ITU member-countries.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_country_codes">Other country codes</h2></div>

<p>The developers of ISO 3166 intended that in time it would replace other coding systems.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_general-purpose_systems">Other general-purpose systems</h3></div>

<ul><li><b><a href="List_of_FIPS_country_codes" title="List of FIPS country codes">FIPS country codes</a></b>: <a href="Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">Federal Information Processing Standard</a> (FIPS) <a href="FIPS_10-4" title="FIPS 10-4">10-4</a> defined two-letter codes used by the <a href="U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">U.S. government</a> and in the <a href="CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>. On September 2, 2008, FIPS 10-4 was one of ten standards withdrawn by <a href="NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> as a Federal Information Processing Standard.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b><a href="GOST_7.67" title="GOST 7.67">GOST 7.67</a></b>: country codes in <a href="Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> from the <a href="GOST" title="GOST">GOST</a> standards committee.</li>

<li><b><a href="List_of_NATO_country_codes" title="List of NATO country codes">NATO country codes</a></b>: <a href="North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) initially used two-letter codes largely borrowed from the FIPS 10-4 codes mentioned above. In 2003, the eighth edition of the Standardisation Agreement (<a href="STANAG" class="mw-redirect" title="STANAG">STANAG</a>) adopted the ISO 3166 three-letter codes with one exception (the code for Macedonia). With the ninth edition, NATO is transitioning to four- and six-letter codes based on ISO 3166 with a few exceptions and additions.</li>

<li>The <b><a href="First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">first-level</a></b> of the <a href="Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics</a> of the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, mostly focusing on EU member states.</li>

<li><b><a href="List_of_UNDP_country_codes" title="List of UNDP country codes">UNDP country codes</a></b>, used by the <a href="United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> (UNDP).</li>

<li><b><a href="World_Area_Codes" title="World Area Codes">World Area Codes</a></b>, used by the <a href="Bureau_of_Transportation_Statistics" title="Bureau of Transportation Statistics">Bureau of Transportation Statistics</a>, part of the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3></div>

<ul><li><b><a href="List_of_GS1_country_codes" title="List of GS1 country codes">GS1 country codes</a></b>, defined by the nonprofit international organization <a href="GS1" title="GS1">GS1</a> for its <a href="Global_Trade_Item_Number" title="Global Trade Item Number">Global Trade Item Number</a> (GTIN) and other standards for barcodes and the corresponding issue company prefixes.</li>

<li><b><a href="WIPO_ST.3" title="WIPO ST.3">WIPO ST.3</a></b>, defined by <a href="World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO) to identify both countries and regional intellectual property organizations.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div>

<ul><li><b><a href="List_of_IOC_country_codes" title="List of IOC country codes">IOC country codes</a></b>, defined by the <a href="International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) to identify member countries, specifically <a href="National_Olympic_Committee" title="National Olympic Committee">National Olympic Committees</a>.</li>

<li><b><a href="List_of_FIFA_country_codes" title="List of FIFA country codes">FIFA country codes</a></b>, to identify member and non-member countries of <a href="FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> (Fédération Internationale de Football Association).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div>

<ul><li><b><a href="International_vehicle_registration_code" title="International vehicle registration code">International vehicle registration codes</a></b>, under the 1949 <a href="Geneva_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Geneva Convention on Road Traffic">Geneva Convention on Road Traffic</a> and the 1968 <a href="Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</a> to identify the country that issued a motor vehicle's <a href="Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">vehicle registration plate</a>.

<ul><li>After the <a href="Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">2004 EU enlargement</a>, the EU began instead using the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for license plate codes, but with two modifications: EL for Greece (instead of GR) and (formerly) UK for United Kingdom (instead of GB)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628014602/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/4904.pdf">[1]</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplomatic_license_plates_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic license plates in the United States">Diplomatic license plates in the United States</a>, issued by the <a href="United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> to accredited diplomats, include a two-letter country code to identify that representative's country.</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="List_of_aircraft_registration_prefixes" title="List of aircraft registration prefixes">ICAO aircraft registration prefixes</a></b>, defined by the <a href="International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO) to identify an aircraft's country of registration.</li>

<li><b><a href="ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO airport code</a> prefixes</b>, defined by the ICAO to identify an airport's country.</li>

<li><b><a href="List_of_UIC_country_codes" title="List of UIC country codes">UIC country codes</a></b>, to identify members of the <a href="International_Union_of_Railways" title="International Union of Railways">International Union of Railways</a> (UIC).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_specific-purpose_codes">Other specific-purpose codes</h3></div>

<ul><li><b><a href="Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Country code top-level domain</a></b> (ccTLD), an Internet <a href="Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a>. Originally defined by the <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA), it was initially based on ISO 3166-1 alpha-2.</li>

<li><b><a href="World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a></b> (WMO) maintains its own list of country codes in reporting meteorological observations.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_codings">Other codings</h2></div>

<p>Country identities may be encoded in the following coding systems:

</p>

<ul><li>The initial digits of <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">International Standard Book Numbers</a> (ISBN) are group identifiers for countries, areas, or language regions.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_country_codes_by_country">Lists of country codes by country</h2></div>

<p><a href="Country_codes%3A_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: A">A</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: B">B</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: C">C</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_D%E2%80%93E" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: D–E">D–E</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_F" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: F">F</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: G">G</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_H%E2%80%93I" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: H–I">H–I</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_J%E2%80%93K" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: J–K">J–K</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_L" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: L">L</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: M">M</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_N" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: N">N</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_O%E2%80%93Q" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: O–Q">O–Q</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: R">R</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: S">S</a> -

<a href="Country_codes%3A_T" class="mw-redirect" title="Country codes: T">T</a> -

</p>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ISO_3166_country_codes" title="List of ISO 3166 country codes">List of ISO 3166 country codes</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> language codes</li>

<li><a href="Language_code" title="Language code">Language code</a></li>

<li><a href="Numbering_scheme" title="Numbering scheme">Numbering scheme</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2008/09/02/E8-20138/announcing-approval-of-the-withdrawal-of-ten-federal-information-processing-standards-fips">"Announcing Approval of the Withdrawal of Ten Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)"</a>. <i>Federal Register</i>. <b>73</b> (170): 51276. Sep 2, 2008. E8-20138.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/codes/country.htm">Comparison of various systems</a></li>

<li>Another comparison: <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoids.com/wab.html">"Country Codes"</a>. <i>Statoids</i>.</cite></li>

<li>A comparison with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613013243/http://maurits.myweb.uga.edu/CountryCodes.xls">ISO, IFS and others</a> with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613013156/http://maurits.myweb.uga.edu/CountryCodesSourcebook.txt">notes</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm">United Nations Region Codes</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li>

<li><a href="Edholm's_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li>

<li><a href="Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a>

<ul><li><a href="Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li>

<li><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li>

<li><a href="Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li>

<li><a href="History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li>

<li><a href="Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li>

<li><a href="Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li>

<li><a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Houser_Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li>

<li><a href="Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li>

<li><a href="Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li>

<li><a href="Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li>

<li><a href="Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li>

<li><a href="Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li>

<li><a href="Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li>

<li><a href="Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li>

<li><a href="Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li>

<li><a href="Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li>

<li><a href="Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li>

<li><a href="Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li>

<li><a href="Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li>

<li><a href="Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br>media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a>

<ul><li><a href="Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br>and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a>

<ul><li><a href="Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li>

<li><a href="Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li>

<li><a href="BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li>

<li><a href="CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li>

<li><a href="FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li>

<li><a href="JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li>

<li><a href="NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li>

<li><a href="TANet" title="TANet">TANet</a></li>

<li><a href="Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li>

<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Africa</li>

<li>Americas

<ul><li>North</li>

<li>South</li></ul></li>

<li>Antarctica</li>

<li>Europe</li>

<li>Oceania</li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ATelecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Country_code&oldid=1287035162">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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